1. For works on the Cuban Revolution see: Ramon L. Bonachea and Marta San Martin, The Cuban Insurrection, 1952-1959 (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Bools, 1973); K. S. Karol, Guerrillas in Power: The Course of the Cuban Revolution (New York: Hill & Wang, 1970); Silvio Frondizi, La Revolucion Cubana: Su significacion Historica (Montevideo: Editorial Ciencias Politicas, 1960); Andres Suarez, Cuba: Castroism and Communism, 1959-1966 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press, 1967); Juan M. del Aguila, Cuba, Dilemmas of a Revolution (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1984); Lowry Nelson, Cuba: The Measure of a Revolution (Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1972); Theodore Draper, Castroism: Theory and Practice. (New York: Praeger, 1965); James O’Conner, The Origins of Cuban Socialism (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1970); Edward Gonzalez, Cuba Under Castro: The Limits of Charisma (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974). For biography on Fidel Castro see Peter G. Bourne, Fidel A Biography of Fidel Castro (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1986), which is generally sympathetic with special attention to his youth and years of armed struggle. The author’s training as a psychiatrist gives this biography its unique attribute, a psycho-analytic approach to Fidel’s political development. See also Tad Szulc, Fidel: A Critical Portrail (New York: Morrow, 1986). This most recent biography Castro is among the most comprehensive. Particular attention is given to the years subsequent to the revolution.

2. For works on the break of Cuban-U.S. diplomatic relations see: Phillip W. Bonsal, Cuba, Castro, and the United States Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971), 92-133; Hugh Thomas, Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 1-54; and Robert D. Crassweller, Cuba and the U.S.: the Tangled Relationship (New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1976).

3. Scholars differ on whether Castro was pushed into the waiting arms of the Soviet Union by an embittered and belligerent United States or leaped there as a means of centralizing his control. The Soviets provided Castro with a legitimizing doctrine, a protective shield, and economic support. On the thesis that the United States pushed the Cubans, see Maurice Zeitlin and Robert Scheer, Cuba: Tragedy in our hemisphere (New York: Grove Press, 1963). For a brief but cogent discussion of the thesis that it was impossible to conduct a revolution in Cuba without a major confrontation with the United State see, Jorge I. Dominguez, Cuba: Order and Revolution (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1978).

4. Revolution, (Havana), April 20, 1959.

5. Begun in 1959 under Eisenhower, the convert war waged against Castro by the United States included "everything from counterfeiting to biological warfare to assassination". See, Warren Hinckle and William Turner, The Fish is Red (Harper and Row, 1981),7. This book provides an excellent summary of the secret war against Castro during the Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon administrations.

6. Tad Szulc, Fidel: A Critical Portrait (New York, Morrow, 1986), 607.

7. Ricardo Bofill, interview with author, December 11, 1991, Miami, recorded on tape.

8. Bofill, interview with author, June 15, 1992, Miami, recorded on tape.

9. Ibid.

would continue to grow, form $3.2 billion in 1969 to $5.3 billion in 1973. In 1972, Cuba also became the first non-European country to be admitted to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, the Communist world’s common market. See U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, the Cuban Economy: A Statistical Review, 1968-1976 (CIA, December, 1976).

19. Bofill, interview with author, June 15, 1992, Miami, recorded on tape.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

22. Bofill, interview with author, December 11, 1991, Miami, recorded on tape.

23. Philip Bonsal, interview with author, December 13, 1992, Washington D.C., telephone conversation.

24. Wayne Smith, Chief of the U.S. Interest Section in Havana from 1979-1982, interview with author, February 11, 1992, Washington D.C., recorded on tape. For an outstanding review of this period see Wayne Smith, The Closest of Enemies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987), 101-127.

25. Bofill, interview with author, December 15, 1991, Miami, recorded on tape.

26. Ibid.

27. For a discussion of worsening Cuban-U.S. relations leading to the derailment of the "normalization process" see Gerald J. Bender, "Angola, the Cubans, the American Anxieties", Foreign Policy 31 (Summer 1978). For newspaper accounts see: Hedrick Smith, "U.S. Sees Cuba’s Africa Build-up.

33. Elliot Abrams, interview with author, December 15, 1992, Washington, D.C., recorded on tape.

34. Vernon A. Walters, interview with author, January 15, 1993, Palm Beach, telephone conversation.

35. Edward Gonzalez and David Ronfeldt, A Strategy for Dealing with Cuba in the 1980’s. Rand. R-2954. September 1982. Prepared for the Department of State and the United States Air Force.

36. Jeanne Kirkpatrick, interview with author, December 15, 1992, Washington D.C., recorded on tape.

37. Abrams, interview with author, December 14, 1992, Washington, D.C., recorded on tape.

38. Ibid.

39. Bofill, interview with author, December 12, 1991, Miami, recorded on tape.

40. Ibid.

41. Jacquelin De Linares, "The Desperate Act of Cuba’s Dissident: Ricardo Bofill", Le Matin de Paris, Oct.ober 7, 1983.

42. Renauld Delourme & Dominique Naspiezes, "Our Reporters in Prison in Cuba", VSD Summary, Oaris, Oct.ober 6, 1983.

43. Ibid.

44. Ibid.

67. "An Appeal From Havana", In writer’s file.

68. Dan Williams, "Rare Dissident Challenges Cuba over Human Rights", Los Angeles Times, August 4, 1987.

69. The transcript of the program, "Stalinism and Repression in Cuba", was provided to the author by Frank Calzon, Washington representative of Freedom House, a human rights organization.

70. Ibid.

71. David Hancock, "U.S. Envoy Urges Support for Action Against Cuba", Miami Herald, January 9, 1988.

72. Reinaldo Bragado Bretana, interview by author, January 15, 1992, Miami, recorded on tape.

73. Bofill, interview with author, July 18, 1992, Miami, recorded on tape.

74. Interview conducted by NBC-TV’s Maria Shiver with Fidel Castro in Havana, Cuba on February 24, 1988. Complete interview in Granma, (Havana), February 27, 1988. Several weeks after Maria Shiver’s interview the Cuban government began a vicious campaign to discredit Ricardo Bofill and other CCPHR members. a series of long articles in the Communist Party daily Granma, the humor magazine Palante, and a three-part television documentary smeared Ricardo Bofill as "Ronald Reagan’s man" in Havana under the direction of the CIA.

75. Peter Slevin, "U.S. Softens Cuban Rights Style", Miami Herald, February 28, 1988.

76. Lucy Komisar, "If Cuba Wants to Improve Human Rights Image, Freeing Political Prisoners is the Place to Start", Miami Herald, March 26, 1988.

77. Peter Slevin, "Cuba Blinked in Showdown over Rights: Wheeling, Dealing led to Compromise", Miami Herald, March 13, 1988.

78. Ibid.

79. Peter Slevin, "UN Report List Charges Against Cuba", Miami Herald, February 25, 1989.

80. Gustavo Arcos Bergnes, since the departure of Ricardo Bofill has continued to head the CCPDH. Today, there are approximately forty to fifty additional dissident groups in Cuba. They range over the full political spectrum. But CCPDH remains the most important.

81. Charles Jake, "UN Findings on Cuba", Miami Herald, March 28, 1989.

82. Bofill, interview with author, December 11, 1991, Miami, recorded on tape.